When talking about graphene, we need to first state the all-natural mineral graphite that is widely existing in our every day life.
As an allotrope of carbon, graphite is a layered product, and the carbon atoms inside graphite are prepared layer by layer. Carbon atoms in the exact same layer “hold hands” and are carefully linked, but the mix of carbon atoms between different layers hangs, like a stack of playing cards. With a gentle push, the cards will slide apart.
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From the point of view of chemical framework, graphite is a transitional crystal in between atomic crystals, metal crystals and molecular crystals. In the crystal, carbon atoms in the very same layer form covalent bonds with sp2 hybridization, each carbon atom is linked to three various other carbon atoms, and 6 carbon atoms develop a normal hexagonal ring on the same airplane, extending to form a sheet structure.
If graphite is a pile of playing cards, then graphene is just one of the cards in this stack of playing cards. Graphene is a two-dimensional material composed of a single layer of carbon atoms. Piling graphene layer by layer is graphite. A 1 mm thick graphite includes concerning 3 million layers of graphene.
Although graphene exists in nature, it is challenging to peel off a solitary layer structure.
Greater than 20 years earlier, Andre Geim and Konstantin Novoselov, scientists at the College of Manchester in the UK, thought that there must be a way to obtain a solitary layer of graphite.
Just how can a single layer of graphite be peeled? Researchers took an extremely “easy and unrefined” method – sticking it with tape.
“Much like when we write a typo theoretically, we will stick the typo with tape.” Based on this, scientists strongly link that if tape can stick to the surface of paper, can it also stay with layers of graphite?
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In the experiment, scientists stuck both sides of pyrolytic graphite flakes to an unique tape, and tore off the tape, the graphite sheet was divided right into 2. Although the density of graphite right now is still far from that of a solitary layer of graphite, scientists have actually confirmed the expediency of this method – each time the tape is utilized, the graphite becomes thinner. By demanding utilizing this “mechanical exfoliation technique” to repeat the procedure, they lastly obtained a slim sheet consisting of just one layer of carbon atoms, which is graphene.
Nevertheless, this technique of consistently exfoliating graphite sheets with tape to get graphene has low production performance and can just be made use of to prepare micron-thick graphene, and can not be mass-produced industrially.
Later on, with the improvement of clinical and technological levels, the preparation method of graphene has actually also made fantastic development. Currently, in addition to this typical physical and mechanical peeling approach, there are additionally lots of methods for preparing graphene, such as redox method, solvent peeling technique, chemical vapor deposition, etc
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